Solidification Enhancement of Thermal Energy Storage Systems Using CuO–Ethylene Glycol Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials: A Comprehensive Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61424/ijans.v4i3.1030Keywords:
Copper oxide nanoparticles, ethylene glycol, nano-enhanced phase change material, solidification, cold thermal energy storage, latent heat thermal energy storageAbstract
Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) with phase change materials (PCMs) has high energy density and near-isothermal operation; however, the low thermal conductivity of PCM is a big challenge. This review article explores the nano-enhanced phase change materials (NePCMs) with copper oxide–ethylene glycol (CuO–EG) and copper oxide–water–ethylene glycol (CuO–water–EG) and evaluates their use to enhance the solidification process in cold thermal energy storage (TES) systems. The review critically synthesizes pertinent literature on the preparation routes, dispersion stability, thermophysical properties, heat transfer mechanisms, TES configurations, hybrid strategies, numerical modeling, applications, and challenges. The results presented in the reviewed works demonstrate that CuO addition can enhance the thermal conductivity by 5–35% and decrease the solidification time by 5–25% when low to moderate CuO loading, which is usually 1–3 wt.%, is used, providing a balance of heat transfer enhancement and storage performance. But a high level of CuO concentration can lead to high viscosity, agglomeration, and settling, and low latent heat of capacity. However, for a scalable, reliable, and efficient cold TES operation and application in real systems, optimized formulation, long-term cyclic validation, and application-specific TES design are required.
Downloads
References
Adera B., Ancha V. R., Tadiwose T., and Getahun E., (2025) Nano enhanced phase change materials for thermal energy storage system applications: A comprehensive review of recent advancements and future challenges, International Journal of Thermofluids, vol. 30, p. 101418, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101418.
Afsharpanah F., Izadi M., Hamedani F. A., Mousavi A S. S., and Yaïci W., (2022) Solidification of nano-enhanced PCM-porous composites in a cylindrical cold thermal energy storage enclosure, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 39, p. 102421, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2022.102421.
Afsharpanah F., Pakzad K., Mousavi A S. S., and Arıcı M., (2022) Assessment of the charging performance in a cold thermal energy storage container with two rows of serpentine tubes and extended surfaces, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 51, p. 104464, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.104464.
Agrawal R., Singh K. D. P., and Sharma R. K., (2022) Experimental investigations on the phase change and thermal properties of nano enhanced binary eutectic phase change material of PALMITIC ACID‐STEARIC ACID / CUO nanoparticles for thermal energy storage, Intl J of Energy Research, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 6562–6576, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1002/er.7592.
Akarken G., Cengiz U., and Bektaş T. E., (2024) Hydrothermal Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles: Tailoring Morphology and Particle Size Variations for Enhanced Properties, Journal of Advanced Research in Natural and Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 329–336, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.28979/jarnas.1405595.
Alrowaili Z. A., Ezzeldien M., Shaaalan N. M., Hussein E., and Sharafeldin M. A., (2022) Investigation of the effect of hybrid CuO-Cu/water nanofluid on the solar thermal energy storage system, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 50, p. 104675, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.104675.
Alsabery A. I., Sidik N. A. C., Hashim I., and Muhammad N. M., (2022) Impacts of two-phase nanofluid approach toward forced convection heat transfer within a 3D wavy horizontal channel, Chinese Journal of Physics, vol. 77, pp. 350–365, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cjph.2021.10.049.
Altuntas M., Erdemir D., and Unalan S., (2025) A comprehensive performance evaluation of phase change materials for cold energy storage systems, Energy and Buildings, vol. 330, p. 115349, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115349.
Aly A. M. and Alhejaili W., (2022) Effects of thermal radiation on natural convection in two connected circular cylinders suspended by NEPCM and porous media, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, vol. 82, no. 8, pp. 469–481, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1080/10407782.2022.2079331.
Amudhalapalli G. K. and Devanuri J. K., (2022) Synthesis, characterization, thermophysical properties, stability and applications of nanoparticle enhanced phase change materials – A comprehensive review, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 28, p. 101049, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.tsep.2021.101049.
Arıcı M., Tütüncü E., Yıldız Ç., and Li D., (2020) Enhancement of PCM melting rate via internal fin and nanoparticles, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 156, p. 119845, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119845.
Babar H., Wu H., Zhang W., Asim M., and Koşar A., (2025) Synergistic approach to colloidal stability and thermophysical optimisation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, aluminium nitride, and silver-based hybrid nanofluids, Powder Technology, vol. 465, p. 121348, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121348.
Barthwal M., Dhar A., and Powar S., (2021) Effect of Nanomaterial Inclusion in Phase Change Materials for Improving the Thermal Performance of Heat Storage: A Review, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 7462–7480, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c01268.
Bondareva N. S. and Sheremet M. A., (2024) Numerical simulation of heat transfer performance in an enclosure filled with a metal foam and nano-enhanced phase change material, Energy, vol. 296, p. 131123, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.131123.
Cofré‐Toledo J., Muñoz‐Cuevas F., Jofré‐Severino E., Segura‐Ponce L. A., and Vasco D. A., (2024) Numerical prediction of the solidification and melting of encapsulated nano‐enhanced phase change materials, Energy Storage, vol. 6, no. 1, p. e521, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1002/est2.521.
Daneshazarian R., Eslami R., Azizi N., Zarrin H., and Berardi U., (2023) Performance evaluation of a novel nano-enhanced phase change material for thermal energy storage applications, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 74, p. 109376, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.109376.
Daviran S., Kasaeian A., Tahmooressi H., Rashidi A., Wen D., and Mahian O., (2017) Evaluation of clustering role versus Brownian motion effect on the heat conduction in nanofluids: A novel approach, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 108, pp. 822–829, May 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.12.071.
DHAIDAN S. N. and AL-JETHELAH M., (2018) Study on the effect of nanoparticle dispersion on the melting of PCM in hemicylindrical cell. International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), 2018. doi: 10.18462/IIR.PCM.2018.0033.
Eisapour M., Eisapour A. H., Shafaghat A. H., Mohammed H. I., Talebizadehsardari P., and Chen Z., (2022) Solidification of a nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM) in a double elliptical latent heat storage unit with wavy inner tubes, Solar Energy, vol. 241, pp. 39–53, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2022.05.054.
Emara K., Abd-Elgawad A. M. M. M., and Emara A., (2025) Effect of nanofluids-PCM heat exchanging on engine downsizing and heat transfer enhancement via the heat engine’s cooling system: A novel saving tactic, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 117, p. 115815, May 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2025.115815.
Esapour M., Hamzehnezhad A., Rabienataj D A. A., and Jourabian M., (2018) Melting and solidification of PCM embedded in porous metal foam in horizontal multi-tube heat storage system, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 171, pp. 398–410, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.086.
Estellé P., Fraïsse F., Audfray A., Maré T., and Nguyen C. T., (2017) Stability and Viscosity of CuO Water Nanofluids at Very High Shear Rate, j nanofluids, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 213–219, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1166/jon.2017.1326.
Fadl M. and Eames P. C., (2019) Numerical investigation of the influence of mushy zone parameter Amush on heat transfer characteristics in vertically and horizontally oriented thermal energy storage systems, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 151, pp. 90–99, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.01.102.
Ghalambaz M., Chamkha A. J., and Wen D., (2019) Natural convective flow and heat transfer of Nano-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials (NEPCMs) in a cavity, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 138, pp. 738–749, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.04.037.
Girhe N. B., Botewad S. N., More C. V., Kadam S. B., Pawar P. P., and Kadam A. B., (2023) Development of water-based CuO, TiO2 and ZnO nanofluids and comparative study of thermal conductivity and viscosity, Pramana - J Phys, vol. 97, no. 2, p. 68, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s12043-023-02546-9.
Gouga S. et al., (2026) Metal-foam skeleton effects on PCM thermal storage for greenhouse microclimate control: A numerical study, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 79, p. 107820, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2026.107820.
Harikrishnan S. and Kalaiselvam S., (2012) Preparation and thermal characteristics of CuO–oleic acid nanofluids as a phase change material, Thermochimica Acta, vol. 533, pp. 46–55, Apr. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.tca.2012.01.018.
Harikrishnan S., Roseline A. A., and Kalaiselvam S., (2013) Preparation and Thermophysical Properties of Water–Glycerol Mixture-Based CuO Nanofluids as PCM for Cooling Applications, IEEE Trans. Nanotechnology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 629–635, Jul. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TNANO.2013.2265753.
Hekmat M. H. and Saharkhiz S., (2025) Impact of helically coiled shell and tube on melting and solidification of PCMs in thermal energy storage systems: A three-dimensional parametric study, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 108, p. 115172, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.115172.
Hosseinzadeh Kh., Akbari S., Faghiri M. B., and Shafii M. B., (2023) Optimization approach for MoS2-water ethylene glycol mixture nanofluid flow in a wavy enclosure, International Journal of Thermofluids, vol. 18, p. 100337, May 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100337.
Hyun S. W. and Shin D. H., (2026) Thermal performance and optimal temperature design of cascade LHTES systems with different configurations, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 83, p. 108204, Jul. 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2026.108204.
Inkson B. J., (2016) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for materials characterization, in Materials Characterization Using Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Methods, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 17–43. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100040-3.00002-X.
Irwan M. A. M., Nor Azwadi C. S., and Asako Y., (2019) Review on Numerical Simulations for Solidification & Melting of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials (NEPCM), IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 268, no. 1, p. 012114, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/268/1/012114.
Jaberi A., Hossainpour S., and Kiyoumarsioskouei A., (2024) The impact of utilizing porous fins on the performance of PCM melting process in a horizontal Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 97, p. 112893, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.112893.
Jagadeesh T., Prasad C. L. V. R. S. V., and Naidu G. S., (2025) Effective CuO/PCM Filled Curved‐Quadrilateral Sector Thermal Energy Storage System for Battery Thermal Management, Energy Storage, vol. 7, no. 5, p. e70231, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1002/est2.70231.
Jaliliantabar F., Mamat R., and Kumarasamy S., (2022) Latent Heat Prediction of Nano Enhanced Phase Change Material by ANN Method, Energy Engineering, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 847–861, 2022, doi: 10.32604/ee.2022.019051.
Kahraman D D., Hekimoğlu G., and Sarı A., (2022) CuO Nanoparticle@Polystyrene Hierarchical Porous Foam for the Effective Encapsulation of Octadecanol as a Phase Changing Thermal Energy Storage Material, Energy Fuels, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 3293–3303, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c04401.
Kandasamy R., Bt Adnan N. A., and Mohammad R., (2018) Nanoparticle shape effects on squeezed MHD flow of water based Cu, Al2O3 and SWCNTs over a porous sensor surface, Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 1433–1445, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2017.03.011.
Karagöz M. E., Aktemur C., and Kavasoğullari B., (2025) Numerical performance analysis of latent heat thermal energy storage systems in different configurations cascaded in the longitudinal direction, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 74, p. 106686, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.106686.
Kazem H. A., Chaichan M. T., and Al-Waeli A. H. A., (2022) Effect of CuO-water-ethylene glycol nanofluids on the performance of photovoltaic/thermal energy system: an experimental study, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 3673–3691, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1080/15567036.2022.2070305.
Khlissa F. et al., (2023) Recent Advances in Nanoencapsulated and Nano-Enhanced Phase-Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Review, Processes, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 3219, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.3390/pr11113219.
Kiradjiev K. B., Halvorsen S. A., Van Gorder R. A., and Howison S. D., (2019) Maxwell-type models for the effective thermal conductivity of a porous material with radiative transfer in the voids, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 145, p. 106009, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2019.106009.
Klazly M. and Bognár G., (2025) A novel empirical effective viscosity equation for hybrid nanofluids, Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 427, p. 127404, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2025.127404.
Kotkar M. T., Wani S. M., Shinde P. G., Patil A. G., and Jadhav K. M., (2025) Preparation and thermophysical investigations of water and ethylene glycol based CuO nanofluid using cationic CTAB surfactant for heat transfer application, Solid State Communications, vol. 400, p. 115914, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ssc.2025.115914.
Lee Y.-T., Chien L.-H., Cheung F.-B., and Yang A.-S., (2023) Numerical and experimental investigations on melting heat transfer performance of PCM in finned cold thermal energy storage, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 210, p. 124199, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124199.
Li Z.-R., Fu G.-T., and Fan L.-W., (2022) Synergistic effects of nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM) and fin shape on heat storage performance of a finned shell-and-tube unit: An experimental study, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 45, p. 103772, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.103772.
Liu Q. et al., (2022) Experimental investigation on the use of CuO/water nanofluid in horizontal spiral-coil ground heat exchanger, International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 149, pp. 204–223, May 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2022.12.011.
Lu W., Wang J., Wang M., Yan J., Mao D., and Hu E., (2025) Nanoparticle-Enhanced Phase Change Materials (NPCMs) in Solar Thermal Energy Systems: A Review on Synthesis, Performance, and Future Prospects, Energies, vol. 18, no. 17, p. 4516, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18174516.
Maselugbo A. O., Sadiku B. L., and Alston J. R., (2023) Thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol nanofluids with boron nitride nano-barbs, Nanoscale, vol. 15, no. 18, pp. 8406–8415, 2023, doi: 10.1039/D2NR06332H.
Mehta B., Subhedar D., Panchal H., and Sadasivuni K. K., (2023) Stability and thermophysical properties enhancement of Al2O3-water nanofluid using cationic CTAB surfactant, International Journal of Thermofluids, vol. 20, p. 100410, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100410.
Mellah S. H. et al., (2025) Thermal performance optimization of nanoparticle-enhanced PCMs in a wavy trapezoidal cavity: a computational study, International Journal of Thermofluids, vol. 27, p. 101255, May 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101255.
Millavithanachchi S. S. et al., (2025) Green Synthesis, Optimization, and Characterization of CuO Nanoparticles Using Tithonia diversifolia Leaf Extract, Nanomaterials, vol. 15, no. 15, p. 1203, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.3390/nano15151203.
Minh C. N., (2025) Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Al₂O₃, CuO, and Hybrid Al₂O₃–CuO Nanofluids in Water and Ethylene Glycol–Water Mixtures in an Automotive Radiator, IJHT, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1429–1438, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.18280/ijht.430420.
Mirahmad A., Shankar K R., Pato D B., Prieto R C., and Díez-Sierra J., (2025) Beyond Thermal Conductivity: A Review of Nanofluids for Enhanced Energy Storage and Heat Transfer, Nanomaterials, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 302, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.3390/nano15040302.
Mishra H., Pandey S., Mishra N., and Sharma A., (2025) Nanofluid-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for Different Thermal Energy Storage Applications, in Nanofluids and Nano Composites for Energy Systems, D. Tripathi, R. K. Sharma, P. G. Siddheshwar, and K. S. Mekheimer, Eds., in Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology., Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2025, pp. 165–183. doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-1570-4_7.
Moein-Jahromi M., Rahmanian-Koushkaki H., Rahmanian S., and Pilban J S, (2022) Evaluation of nanostructured GNP and CuO compositions in PCM-based heat sinks for photovoltaic systems, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 53, p. 105240, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.105240.
Mohammadpour J., Lee A., Timchenko V., and Taylor R., (2022) Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Bibliometric Analysis, Energies, vol. 15, no. 9, p. 3426, May 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15093426.
Naharros‐Molinero A., Caballo‐González M. Á., De La Mata F. J., and García‐Gallego S., (2024) Shell Formulation in Soft Gelatin Capsules: Design and Characterization, Adv Healthcare Materials, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 2302250, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1002/adhm.202302250.
Nandi A. and Biswas N., (2025) Melting dynamics and energy efficiency of nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM) with graphene, Al2O3, and CuO for superior thermal energy storage (TES), Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 109, p. 115076, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.115076.
Nandi A., Biswas N., Datta A., Manna N. K., Mandal D. K., and Biswas S., (2025) A comprehensive review on enhanced phase change materials (PCMs) for high-performance thermal energy storage: progress, challenges, and future perspectives, J Therm Anal Calorim, vol. 150, no. 12, pp. 8933–8976, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10973-025-14301-w.
Nižetić S., Jurčević M., Arıcı M., Arasu A. V., and Xie G., (2020) Nano-enhanced phase change materials and fluids in energy applications: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 129, p. 109931, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109931.
Nugroho A. et al., (2025) Optimization and stability analysis of TiO₂-palm olein nano-biolubricants using one-factor-at-a-time, Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 438, p. 128525, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2025.128525.
Pandya M., Ansu A. K., Sharma R. K., Tripathi D., Tyagi V. V., and Sari A., (2023) Investigation on Thermal Energy Storage Properties of Polyethylene Glycol with Hybrid Nanoparticles of Al2 O3 and CuO for Solar Thermal Energy Storage, ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., vol. 12, no. 7, p. 071004, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1149/2162-8777/ace477.
Qahiti R., Almarashi A., and Hamali W., (2023) Thermal behavior of nanoparticle enhanced phase change material discharging in existence of complex geometry, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 59, p. 106450, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.106450.
Radebe T. B., Ndanduleni A. U. C., Huan Z., and Mhike W., (2024) Evaluation of the thermal properties of subzero phase-change materials by the T history method during the solidification and melting phase, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 83, p. 110625, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.110625.
Rahman I. U., Khan H., Khan N., Manca O., Buonomo B., and Nardini S., (2025) A review on assessment of thermal conductivity enhancement strategies for phase change materials, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 169, p. 109644, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109644.
Rashid F. L. et al., (2023) Recent Advances on The Applications of Phase Change Materials in Cold Thermal Energy Storage: A Critical Review, J. Compos. Sci., vol. 7, no. 8, p. 338, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.3390/jcs7080338.
Razzaq I. et al., (2025) Nanofluids for Advanced Applications: A Comprehensive Review on Preparation Methods, Properties, and Environmental Impact, ACS Omega, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 5251–5282, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c10143.
Reddy P. S. and Sreedevi P., (2025) Heat and mass transport features in latent heat thermal energy storage device filled with porous media and nano-encapsulated phase change materials, J Therm Anal Calorim, vol. 150, no. 12, pp. 9395–9411, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10973-025-14275-9.
Reji K R., Samykano M., Pandey A. K., Kadirgama K., and Tyagi V. V., (2020) Phase change materials and nano-enhanced phase change materials for thermal energy storage in photovoltaic thermal systems: A futuristic approach and its technical challenges, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 133, p. 110341, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110341.
Sadiq I., Aljabai S., and Karamallah A., (2023) Effect of Al2O3/CuO hybrid nanoparticles dispersion on melting process of PCM in a triplex tube heat storage, FME Transactions, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 606–626, 2023, doi: 10.5937/fme2304606S.
Saeed A. M. et al., (2022) A numerical investigation of a heat transfer augmentation finned pear-shaped thermal energy storage system with nano-enhanced phase change materials, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 53, p. 105172, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.105172.
Sahooli M. and Sabbaghi S., (2012) CuO Nanofluids: The Synthesis and Investigation of Stability and Thermal Conductivity, J Nanofluids, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 155–160, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1166/jon.2012.1014.
Said Z. et al., (2023) Nanotechnology-integrated phase change material and nanofluids for solar applications as a potential approach for clean energy strategies: Progress, challenges, and opportunities, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 416, p. 137736, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137736.
Said Z. et al., (2024) Nano-enhanced phase change materials: Fundamentals and applications, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 104, p. 101162, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101162.
Sarkar S. and Ghosh N. K., (2023) Effect of silver nanoparticle volume fraction on thermal conductivity, specific heat and viscosity of ethylene glycol base silver nanofluid: A molecular dynamics investigation, Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 378, p. 121635, May 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121635.
Sathishkumar A. and Cheralathan M., (2022) Influence of thermal transport properties of NEPCM for cool thermal energy storage system, J Therm Anal Calorim, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 367–378, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10973-020-10339-0.
Sathishkumar A., Sundaram P., Cheralathan M., and Kumar P. G., (2024) Effect of nano-enhanced phase change materials on performance of cool thermal energy storage system: A review, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 78, p. 110079, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.110079.
Shafi J., Younis O., Tiari S., and Ghalambaz M., (2025) Artificial intelligence – Numerical study of melting and solidification heat transfer in a bundle of petal tubes embedded in metal foam, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 279, p. 127960, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127960.
Shafiq A., Iqbal M. A., Sindhu T. N., Iqbal H., and Iqbal H., (2025) Synthesis, thermophysical behavior, and environmental implications of nanofluids: A comprehensive review, Results in Engineering, vol. 28, p. 107763, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107763.
Shah K. W., (2018) A review on enhancement of phase change materials - A nanomaterials perspective, Energy and Buildings, vol. 175, pp. 57–68, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.06.043.
Sheikholeslami M., (2018) Finite element method for PCM solidification in existence of CuO nanoparticles, Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 265, pp. 347–355, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.05.132.
Singh J., Kumar R., Gupta M., and Kumar H., (2020) Thermal conductivity analysis of GO-CuO/DW hybrid nanofluid, Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 28, pp. 1714–1718, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.134.
Singh P., Ansu A. K., Sharma R. K., Kumari P., Kumar A., and Kumar R., (2023) Development, Thermal Properties, and Reliability Testing of Eutectic Polyethylene Glycol as Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage Applications, Int J Thermophys, vol. 44, no. 3, p. 39, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10765-022-03146-2.
Soudagar M. E. M. et al., (2026) Thermal coupling effects of nanofluids and phase change materials in concentrated solar collectors: a review, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 160, pp. 132–160, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2026.02.049.
Srinivasan N. K. and Ponnusamy C., (2024) Stability, thermal and solidification behaviour of oxygen functionalized GNPs–CuO/water-based hybrid nanofluid phase change materials for cool thermal energy storage system, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 98, p. 113107, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.113107.
Srinivasan N. K. and Ponnusamy C., (2025) Impact of surfactant groups on the stability, thermophysical and phase change characteristics of water-based single and hybrid nanofluid PCMs for cool energy storage applications, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 59, p. 103298, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103298.
Sundaram P. and Kalaisselvane A., (2022) Cold thermal energy storage performance of graphene nanoplatelets–DI water nanofluid PCM using gum acacia in a spherical encapsulation, J Therm Anal Calorim, vol. 147, no. 24, pp. 14973–14985, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10973-022-11690-0.
Sundaram P. and Kalaisselvane A., (2022) Effect of different additives on freezing characteristics and stability of GnP-aqueous-based PCM for cold thermal storage, J Therm Anal Calorim, vol. 147, no. 14, pp. 8033–8045, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10973-021-11056-y.
Suraparaju S. K., Samykano M., Kadirgama K., Rajamony R. K., Said Z., and Pandey A. K., (2026) Integrating nanomaterials into phase change materials: Trends and future pathways for thermal energy storage, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 298, p. 131108, Jun. 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131108.
Szabó Á. I. and Hasan R., (2025) Synergistic Effects of CuO and ZnO Nanoadditives on Friction and Wear in Automotive Base Oil, Applied Sciences, vol. 15, no. 15, p. 8258, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.3390/app15158258.
Teggar M. et al., (2022) A comprehensive review of micro/nano enhanced phase change materials, J Therm Anal Calorim, vol. 147, no. 6, pp. 3989–4016, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10973-021-10808-0.
Thangapandian E. and Palanisamy P., (2022) An experimental and numerical study to enhance the thermal characteristics of LA / CUO / AL2 O3 nanocomposites as a phase change material for building cooling applications, Polymer Composites, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 5426–5441, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1002/pc.26845
Tiwari A. K., Chatterjee K., and Deolia V. K., (2023) Application of Copper Oxide Nanofluid and Phase Change Material on the Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermal (PVT) System, Processes, vol. 11, no. 6, p. 1602, May 2023, doi: 10.3390/pr11061602.
Tofani K. and Tiari S, (2021) Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials in Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems: A Review, Energies, vol. 14, no. 13, p. 3821, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14133821.
Upadhyay V. V., Singhal S., and Pandey A., (2024) Thermal performance and characterization of phase change material composites reinforced with nano-particles in thermal energy storage systems: a review, Eng. Res. Express, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 042503, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1088/2631-8695/ad86a2.
Williams J. D. and Peterson G. P., (2021) A Review of Thermal Property Enhancements of Low-Temperature Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials, Nanomaterials, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 2578, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.3390/nano11102578.
Xian H. W., Sidik N. A. C., and Saidur R., (2020) Impact of different surfactants and ultrasonication time on the stability and thermophysical properties of hybrid nanofluids, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 110, p. 104389, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.104389.
Xiong T., Zheng L., and Shah K. W., (2020) Nano-enhanced phase change materials (NePCMs): A review of numerical simulations, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 178, p. 115492, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115492.
Xu X. et al., (2022) Comparative Analysis of Additives for Increasing Thermal Conductivity of Phase Change Materials: A Review, Energy Fuels, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 5088–5101, May 2022, doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c00522.
Yadav A., Pandey A., Samykano M., Kalidasan B., and Said Z., (2024) A review of organic phase change materials and their adaptation for thermal energy storage, International Materials Reviews, vol. 69, no. 7–8, pp. 380–446, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1177/09506608241292406.
Zahan I., Nasrin R., and Khatun S., (2022) Thermal performance of ternary-hybrid nanofluids through a convergent-divergent nozzle using distilled water - ethylene glycol mixtures, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 137, p. 106254, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.106254.
Zhang Q. et al., (2024) Advancements in Nanomaterial Dispersion and Stability and Thermophysical Properties of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for Biomedical Applications, Nanomaterials, vol. 14, no. 13, p. 1126, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.3390/nano14131126.
Zhang Q. et al., (2024) Recent advances in nano-enhanced phase change materials, J Mater Sci, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 5247–5267, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10853-023-08830-8.
Zou D., Ma X., Liu X., Zheng P., and Hu Y., (2018) Thermal performance enhancement of composite phase change materials (PCM) using graphene and carbon nanotubes as additives for the potential application in lithium-ion power battery, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 120, pp. 33–41, May 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.12.024.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Sharmin Akter, Md. Anowar Hossain, Hasan M. M. Afroz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
